# class Array(T)

- Array(T)
- Reference
- Object

##
Overview

An `Array` is an ordered, integer-indexed collection of objects of type T.

Array indexing starts at 0. A negative index is assumed to be relative to the end of the array: -1 indicates the last element, -2 is the next to last element, and so on.

An `Array` can be created using the usual `.new` method (several are provided), or with an array literal:

    Array(Int32).new  # => []
    [1, 2, 3]         # Array(Int32)
    [1, "hello", 'x'] # Array(Int32 | String | Char)

See `Array` literals in the language reference.

An `Array` can have mixed types, meaning T will be a union of types, but these are determined when the array is created, either by specifying T or by using an array literal. In the latter case, T will be set to the union of the array literal elements' types.

When creating an empty array you must always specify T:

    [] of Int32 # same as Array(Int32)
    []          # syntax error

An `Array` is implemented using an internal buffer of some capacity and is reallocated when elements are pushed to it when more capacity is needed. This is normally known as a dynamic array.

You can use a special array literal syntax with other types too, as long as they define an argless `.new` method and a `<<` method. `Set` is one such type:

    set = Set{1, 2, 3} # => Set{1, 2, 3}
    set.class          # => Set(Int32)

The above is the same as this:

    set = Set(typeof(1, 2, 3)).new
    set << 1
    set << 2
    set << 3

##
Included Modules

- Comparable(Array(T))
- Indexable::Mutable(T)

##
Defined in:

array.cr
json/any.cr
json/to_json.cr
uri/params/to_www_form.cr
yaml/any.cr
yaml/to_yaml.cr

##
Constructors

- .additive_identity : self

  Returns the additive identity of this type.

- .build(capacity : Int, & : Pointer(T) -> ) : self

  Creates a new `Array`, allocating an internal buffer with the given capacity, and yielding that buffer.

- .new(size : Int, value : T)

  Creates a new `Array` of the given size filled with the same value in each position.

- .new(ctx : YAML::ParseContext, node : YAML::Nodes::Node)
- .new(initial_capacity : Int)

  Creates a new empty `Array` backed by a buffer that is initially `initial_capacity` big.

- .new(pull : JSON::PullParser)
- .new

  Creates a new empty `Array`.

- .new(ctx : YAML::ParseContext, node : YAML::Nodes::Node, &)
- .new(size : Int, & : Int32 -> T)

  Creates a new `Array` of the given size and invokes the given block once for each index of `self`, assigning the block's value in that index.

- .new(pull : JSON::PullParser, &)

##
Class Method Summary

- .each_product(arrays : Array(Array), reuse = false, &)

  Yields each ordered combination of the elements taken from each of the arrays as `Array`s.

  DEPRECATED Use `Indexable.each_cartesian(indexables : Indexable(Indexable), reuse = false, &block)` instead

- .each_product(*arrays : Array, reuse = false, &)

  Yields each ordered combination of the elements taken from each of the arrays as `Array`s.

  DEPRECATED Use `Indexable.each_cartesian(indexables : Indexable(Indexable), reuse = false, &block)` instead

- .from_json(string_or_io, &) : Nil

  Parses a `String` or `IO` denoting a JSON array, yielding each of its elements to the given block.

- .from_yaml(string_or_io : String | IO, &)
- .product(arrays : Array(Array))

  Returns an `Array` of all ordered combinations of elements taken from each of the arrays as `Array`s.

  DEPRECATED Use `Indexable.cartesian_product(indexables : Indexable(Indexable))` instead

- .product(*arrays : Array)

  Returns an `Array` of all ordered combinations of elements taken from each of the arrays as `Array`s.

  DEPRECATED Use `Indexable.cartesian_product(indexables : Indexable(Indexable))` instead

##
Instance Method Summary

- #&(other : Array(U)) : Array(T) forall U

  Set intersection: returns a new `Array` containing elements common to `self` and other, excluding any duplicates.

- #*(times : Int) : Array(T)

  Repetition: Returns a new `Array` built by concatenating times copies of `self`.

- #+(other : Array(U)) : Array(T | U) forall U

  Concatenation.

- #-(other : Array(U)) : Array(T) forall U

  Difference.

- #<<(value : T) : self

  Append.

- #<=>(other : Array)

  Combined comparison operator.

- #==(other : Array) : Bool

  Equality.

- #==(other : JSON::Any)
- #==(other : YAML::Any)
- #==(other) : Bool

  Returns `false` (other can only be a `Value` here).

- #[](start : Int, count : Int) : Array(T)

  Returns count or less (if there aren't enough) elements starting at the given start index.

- #[](range : Range) : Array(T)

  Returns all elements that are within the given range.

- #[]=(start : Int, count : Int, values : Array(T))

  Replaces a subrange with the elements of the given array.

- #[]=(start : Int, count : Int, value : T) : T

  Replaces a subrange with a single value.

- #[]=(range : Range, values : Array(T))

  Replaces a subrange with the elements of the given array.

- #[]=(range : Range, value : T)

  Replaces a subrange with a single value.

- #[]=(values : Array(T), *, index start : Int, count : Int)

  Replaces a subrange with the elements of the given array.

  DEPRECATED Use `#[]=(start, count, values)` instead

- #[]=(value : T, *, index start : Int, count : Int)

  Replaces a subrange with a single value.

  DEPRECATED Use `#[]=(start, count, value)` instead

- #[]?(start : Int, count : Int) : Array(T) | Nil

  Like `#[](Int, Int)` but returns `nil` if the start index is out of range.

- #[]?(range : Range) : Array(T) | Nil

  Like `#[](Range)`, but returns `nil` if `range.begin` is out of range.

- #|(other : Array(U)) : Array(T | U) forall U

  Set union: returns a new `Array` by joining `self` with other, excluding any duplicates, and preserving the order from `self`.

- #clear : self

  Removes all elements from `self`.

- #clone : Array(T)

  Returns a new `Array` that has `self`'s elements cloned.

- #compact

  Returns a copy of `self` with all `nil` elements removed.

- #compact! : self

  Removes all `nil` elements from `self` and returns `self`.

- #concat(other : Indexable) : self

  Appends the elements of other to `self`, and returns `self`.

- #concat(other : Enumerable) : self

  Appends the elements of other to `self`, and returns `self`.

- #delete(obj) : T | Nil

  Removes all items from `self` that are equal to obj.

- #delete_at(start : Int, count : Int) : self

  Removes count elements from `self` starting at start.

- #delete_at(index : Int) : T

  Removes the element at index, returning that element.

- #delete_at(range : Range) : self

  Removes all elements within the given range.

- #delete_at(*, index start : Int, count : Int) : self

  Removes count elements from `self` starting at start.

  DEPRECATED Use `#delete_at(start, count)` instead

- #dup : Array(T)

  Returns a new `Array` that has exactly `self`'s elements.

- #each_repeated_permutation(size : Int = self.size, reuse = false, &) : Nil
- #fill(start : Int, & : Int32 -> T) : self

  Yields each index of `self`, starting at start, to the given block and then assigns the block's value in that position.

  DEPRECATED Use `#fill(start.., &)` instead

- #fill(*, from start : Int, & : Int32 -> T) : self

  Yields each index of `self`, starting at start, to the given block and then assigns the block's value in that position.

  DEPRECATED Use `#fill(start.., &)` instead

- #fill(*, from start : Int, count : Int, & : Int32 -> T) : self

  Yields each index of `self`, starting at start and just count times, to the given block and then assigns the block's value in that position.

  DEPRECATED Use `Indexable::Mutable#fill(start, count, &)` instead

- #fill(value : T, start : Int, count : Int) : self

  Replaces count or less (if there aren't enough) elements starting at the given start index with value.

- #fill(value : T, start : Int) : self

  Replaces every element in `self`, starting at start, with the given value.

  DEPRECATED Use `#fill(value, start..)` instead

- #fill(value : T, range : Range) : self

  Replaces every element in range with value.

- #fill(value : T) : self

  Replaces every element in `self` with the given value.

- #fill(value : T, *, from start : Int) : self

  Replaces every element in `self`, starting at start, with the given value.

  DEPRECATED Use `#fill(value, start..)` instead

- #fill(value : T, *, from start : Int, count : Int) : self

  Replaces count or less (if there aren't enough) elements starting at the given start index with value.

  DEPRECATED Use `#fill(value, start, count)` instead

- #first(n : Int) : Array(T)

  Returns the first n elements of the array.

- #flatten

  Returns a new `Array` that is a one-dimensional flattening of `self` (recursively).

- #index(object, offset : Int = 0)

  Returns the index of the first appearance of object in `self` starting from the given offset, or `nil` if object is not in `self`.

- #insert(index : Int, object : T) : self

  Insert object before the element at index and shifting successive elements, if any.

- #insert_all(index : Int, other : Indexable) : self

  Inserts all of the elements from other before the element at index.

- #inspect(io : IO) : Nil

  Appends a String representation of this object which includes its class name, its object address and the values of all instance variables.

- #last(n : Int) : Array(T)

  Returns the last n elements of the array.

- #map(& : T -> U) : Array(U) forall U

  Optimized version of `Enumerable#map`.

- #map_with_index(offset = 0, & : T, Int32 -> _)

  Optimized version of `Enumerable#map_with_index`.

- #pop(n : Int) : Array(T)

  Removes the last n values from `self`, at index size - 1.

- #pop : T

  Removes the last value from `self`, at index size - 1.

- #pop(&)

  Removes the last value from `self`.

- #pop? : T | Nil

  Like `#pop`, but returns `nil` if `self` is empty.

- #pretty_print(pp) : Nil
- #product(ary : Array(U)) forall U

  Returns an `Array` of all ordered combinations of elements taken from each of `self` and ary as `Tuple`s.

  DEPRECATED Use `Indexable#cartesian_product(*others : Indexable)` instead

- #product(enumerable : Enumerable, &)

  Yields each ordered combination of the elements taken from each of `self` and enumerable as a `Tuple`.

  DEPRECATED Use `Indexable#each_cartesian(*others : Indexable, &block)` instead

- #push(value : T) : self

  Append.

- #push(*values : T) : self

  Append multiple values.

- #reject!(& : T -> ) : self

  Modifies `self`, deleting the elements in the collection for which the passed block is truthy.

- #reject!(pattern) : self

  Modifies `self`, deleting the elements in the collection for which `pattern === element`.

- #remaining_capacity : Int32
- #repeated_permutations(size : Int = self.size) : Array(Array(T))
- #replace(other : Array) : self

  Replaces the contents of `self` with the contents of other.

- #reverse : Array(T)

  Returns an array with all the elements in the collection reversed.

- #rotate(n = 1) : Array(T)

  Returns an array with all the elements shifted to the left `n` times.

- #rotate!(n : Int = 1) : self

  Shifts all elements of `self` to the left n times.

- #select!(& : T -> ) : self

  Modifies `self`, keeping only the elements in the collection for which the passed block is truthy.

- #select!(pattern) : self

  Modifies `self`, keeping only the elements in the collection for which `pattern === element`.

- #shift(n : Int) : Array(T)

  Removes the first n values of `self`, starting at index 0.

- #shift : T

  Removes the first value of `self`, at index 0.

- #shift(&)

  Removes the first value of `self`, at index 0, or otherwise invokes the given block.

- #shift? : T | Nil

  Removes the first value of `self`, at index 0.

- #shuffle(random : Random | Nil = nil) : Array(T)

  Returns a new instance with all elements in the collection randomized.

- #size : Int32

  Returns the number of elements in the array.

- #skip(count : Int) : Array(T)

  Returns an `Array` with the first count elements removed from the original array.

- #sort : Array(T)

  Returns a new instance with all elements sorted based on the return value of their comparison method `T#<=>` (see `Comparable#<=>`), using a stable sort algorithm.

- #sort(&block : T, T -> U) : Array(T) forall U

  Returns a new instance with all elements sorted based on the comparator in the given block, using a stable sort algorithm.

- #sort! : Array(T)

  Sorts all elements in `self` based on the return value of the comparison method `T#<=>` (see `Comparable#<=>`), using a stable sort algorithm.

- #sort!(&block : T, T -> U) : self forall U

  Sorts all elements in `self` based on the comparator in the given block, using a stable sort algorithm.

- #sort_by(&block : T -> _) : Array(T)

  Returns a new instance with all elements sorted by the output value of the block.

- #sort_by!(&block : T -> _) : Array(T)

  Sorts all elements in `self` by the output value of the block.

- #to_a : self

  Returns an `Array` with all the elements in the collection.

- #to_json(json : JSON::Builder) : Nil
- #to_s(io : IO) : Nil

  Prints a nicely readable and concise string representation of this array to io.

- #to_unsafe : Pointer(T)

  Returns a pointer to the internal buffer where `self`'s elements are stored.

- #to_yaml(yaml : YAML::Nodes::Builder) : Nil
- #transpose

  Assumes that `self` is an array of arrays and transposes the rows and columns.

- #truncate(start : Int, count : Int) : self

  Removes all elements except the count or less (if there aren't enough) elements starting at the given start index.

- #truncate(range : Range) : self

  Removes all elements except those within the given range.

- #uniq : Array(T)

  Returns a new `Array` by removing duplicate values in `self`.

- #uniq(& : T -> ) : Array(T)

  Returns a new `Array` by removing duplicate values in `self`, using the block's value for comparison.

- #uniq! : self

  Removes duplicate elements from `self`.

- #uniq!(& : T -> ) : self

  Removes duplicate elements from `self`, using the block's value for comparison.

- #unsafe_fetch(index : Int) : T

  Returns the element at the given index, without doing any bounds check.

- #unsafe_put(index : Int, value : T)

  Sets the element at the given index to value, without doing any bounds check.

- #unshift(object : T) : self

  Prepend.

- #unshift(*values : T) : self

  Prepend multiple values.

- #unstable_sort : Array(T)

  Returns a new instance with all elements sorted based on the return value of their comparison method `T#<=>` (see `Comparable#<=>`), using an unstable sort algorithm.

- #unstable_sort(&block : T, T -> U) : Array(T) forall U

  Returns a new instance with all elements sorted based on the comparator in the given block, using an unstable sort algorithm.

- #unstable_sort! : self

  Sorts all elements in `self` based on the return value of the comparison method `T#<=>` (see `Comparable#<=>`), using an unstable sort algorithm.

- #unstable_sort!(&block : T, T -> U) : self forall U

  Sorts all elements in `self` based on the comparator in the given block, using an unstable sort algorithm.

- #unstable_sort_by(&block : T -> _) : Array(T)

  Returns a new instance with all elements sorted by the output value of the block.

- #unstable_sort_by!(&block : T -> _) : Array(T)

  Sorts all elements in `self` by the output value of the block.

### Instance methods inherited from module `Comparable(Array(T))`

<(other : T) : Bool <, <=(other : T) <=, <=>(other : T) <=>, ==(other : T) ==, >(other : T) : Bool >, >=(other : T) >=, clamp(min, max)
clamp(range : Range) clamp

### Instance methods inherited from module `Indexable::Mutable(T)`

[]=(index : Int, value : T) : T []=, fill(value : T, start : Int, count : Int) : self
fill(value : T, range : Range) : self
fill(value : T) : self
fill(start : Int, count : Int, & : Int32 -> T) : self
fill(range : Range, & : Int32 -> T) : self
fill(*, offset : Int = 0, & : Int32 -> T) : self fill, map!(& : T -> _) : self map!, map_with_index!(offset = 0, & : T, Int32 -> _) : self map_with_index!, reverse! : self reverse!, rotate!(n : Int = 1) : self rotate!, shuffle!(random : Random | Nil = nil) : self shuffle!, sort! : self
sort!(&block : T, T -> U) : self forall U sort!, sort_by!(&block : T -> _) : self sort_by!, swap(index0 : Int, index1 : Int) : self swap, unsafe_put(index : Int, value : T) unsafe_put, unstable_sort! : self
unstable_sort!(&block : T, T -> U) : self forall U unstable_sort!, unstable_sort_by!(&block : T -> _) : self unstable_sort_by!, update(index : Int, & : T -> _) : T update

### Instance methods inherited from module `Indexable(T)`

[](index : Int) [], []?(index : Int) []?, bsearch(& : T -> _) bsearch, bsearch_index(& : T, Int32 -> _) bsearch_index, cartesian_product(*others : Indexable) cartesian_product, combinations(size : Int = self.size) combinations, dig(index : Int, *subindexes) dig, dig?(index : Int, *subindexes) dig?, each(& : T -> )
each
each(*, start : Int, count : Int, & : T -> )
each(*, within range : Range, & : T -> ) each, each_cartesian(*others : Indexable, &)
each_cartesian(*others : Indexable) each_cartesian, each_combination(size : Int = self.size, reuse = false, &) : Nil
each_combination(size : Int = self.size, reuse = false) each_combination, each_index(& : Int32 -> ) : Nil
each_index
each_index(*, start : Int, count : Int, &) each_index, each_permutation(size : Int = self.size, reuse = false, &) : Nil
each_permutation(size : Int = self.size, reuse = false) each_permutation, each_repeated_combination(size : Int = self.size, reuse = false, &) : Nil
each_repeated_combination(size : Int = self.size, reuse = false) each_repeated_combination, empty? : Bool empty?, equals?(other : Indexable, &) : Bool
equals?(other, &) equals?, fetch(index : Int, &)
fetch(index, default) fetch, find(if_none, _offset offset : Int, & : T -> )
find(if_none = nil, *, offset : Int, & : T -> ) find, find!(offset : Int = 0, & : T -> ) find!, first(&) first, hash(hasher) hash, index(object, offset : Int = 0)
index(offset : Int = 0, & : T -> ) index, index!(obj, offset : Int = 0)
index!(offset : Int = 0, & : T -> ) index!, join(separator : String | Char | Number = "") : String join, last : T
last(&) last, last? : T | Nil last?, permutations(size : Int = self.size) : Array(Array(T)) permutations, repeated_combinations(size : Int = self.size) : Array(Array(T)) repeated_combinations, reverse_each(& : T -> ) : Nil
reverse_each reverse_each, rindex(value, offset = size - 1)
rindex(offset = size - 1, & : T -> ) rindex, rindex!(value, offset = size - 1)
rindex!(offset = size - 1, & : T -> ) rindex!, sample(n : Int, random : Random | Nil = nil) : Array(T)
sample(random : Random | Nil = nil) sample, size size, to_a(& : T -> U) : Array(U) forall U to_a, unsafe_fetch(index : Int) unsafe_fetch, values_at(*indexes : Int) values_at

### Class methods inherited from module `Indexable(T)`

cartesian_product(indexables : Indexable(Indexable)) cartesian_product, each_cartesian(indexables : Indexable(Indexable), reuse = false, &)
each_cartesian(indexables : Indexable(Indexable), reuse = false) each_cartesian

### Instance methods inherited from module `Enumerable(T)`

accumulate(initial : U) : Array(U) forall U
accumulate : Array(T)
accumulate(initial : U, &block : U, T -> U) : Array(U) forall U
accumulate(&block : T, T -> T) : Array(T) accumulate, all?(& : T -> ) : Bool
all?(pattern) : Bool
all? : Bool all?, any?(& : T -> ) : Bool
any?(pattern) : Bool
any? : Bool any?, chunks(&block : T -> U) forall U chunks, compact_map(& : T -> _) compact_map, count(& : T -> ) : Int32
count(item) : Int32 count, cycle(n, & : T -> ) : Nil
cycle(& : T -> ) : Nil cycle, each(& : T -> ) each, each_cons(count : Int, reuse = false, &) each_cons, each_cons_pair(& : T, T -> ) : Nil each_cons_pair, each_slice(count : Int, reuse = false, &) each_slice, each_step(n : Int, *, offset : Int = 0, & : T -> ) : Nil each_step, each_with_index(offset = 0, &) each_with_index, each_with_object(obj : U, & : T, U -> ) : U forall U each_with_object, empty? : Bool empty?, find(if_none = nil, & : T -> ) find, find!(& : T -> ) : T find!, find_value(if_none = nil, & : T -> ) find_value, first(&)
first(count : Int) : Array(T)
first : T first, first? : T | Nil first?, flat_map(& : T -> _) flat_map, group_by(& : T -> U) forall U group_by, in_groups_of(size : Int, filled_up_with : U = nil) forall U
in_groups_of(size : Int, filled_up_with : U = nil, reuse = false, &) forall U in_groups_of, in_slices_of(size : Int) : Array(Array(T)) in_slices_of, includes?(obj) : Bool includes?, index(& : T -> ) : Int32 | Nil
index(obj) : Int32 | Nil index, index!(& : T -> ) : Int32
index!(obj) : Int32 index!, index_by(& : T -> U) : Hash(U, T) forall U index_by, join(io : IO, separator = "") : Nil
join(separator, io : IO) : Nil
join(separator = "") : String
join(io : IO, separator = "", & : T, IO -> )
join(separator, io : IO, &)
join(separator = "", & : T -> ) join, map(& : T -> U) : Array(U) forall U map, map_with_index(offset = 0, & : T, Int32 -> U) : Array(U) forall U map_with_index, max(count : Int) : Array(T)
max : T max, max? : T | Nil max?, max_by(& : T -> U) : T forall U max_by, max_by?(& : T -> U) : T | Nil forall U max_by?, max_of(& : T -> U) : U forall U max_of, max_of?(& : T -> U) : U | Nil forall U max_of?, min(count : Int) : Array(T)
min : T min, min? : T | Nil min?, min_by(& : T -> U) : T forall U min_by, min_by?(& : T -> U) : T | Nil forall U min_by?, min_of(& : T -> U) : U forall U min_of, min_of?(& : T -> U) : U | Nil forall U min_of?, minmax : Tuple(T, T) minmax, minmax? : Tuple(T | Nil, T | Nil) minmax?, minmax_by(& : T -> U) : Tuple(T, T) forall U minmax_by, minmax_by?(& : T -> U) : Tuple(T, T) | Tuple(Nil, Nil) forall U minmax_by?, minmax_of(& : T -> U) : Tuple(U, U) forall U minmax_of, minmax_of?(& : T -> U) : Tuple(U, U) | Tuple(Nil, Nil) forall U minmax_of?, none?(& : T -> ) : Bool
none?(pattern) : Bool
none? : Bool none?, one?(& : T -> ) : Bool
one?(pattern) : Bool
one? : Bool one?, partition(& : T -> ) : Tuple(Array(T), Array(T))
partition(type : U.class) forall U partition, present? : Bool present?, product(initial : Number)
product
product(initial : Number, & : T -> )
product(& : T -> _) product, reduce(memo, &)
reduce(&) reduce, reduce?(&) reduce?, reject(& : T -> )
reject(type : U.class) forall U
reject(pattern) : Array(T) reject, sample(n : Int, random : Random | Nil = nil) : Array(T)
sample(random : Random | Nil = nil) : T sample, select(& : T -> )
select(type : U.class) : Array(U) forall U
select(pattern) : Array(T) select, size : Int32 size, skip(count : Int) skip, skip_while(& : T -> ) : Array(T) skip_while, sum(initial)
sum
sum(initial, & : T -> )
sum(& : T -> ) sum, take_while(& : T -> ) : Array(T) take_while, tally(hash)
tally : Hash(T, Int32) tally, tally_by(hash, &)
tally_by(&block : T -> U) : Hash(U, Int32) forall U tally_by, to_a : Array(T)
to_a(& : T -> U) : Array(U) forall U to_a, to_h
to_h(& : T -> Tuple(K, V)) forall K, V to_h, to_set : Set(T)
to_set(&block : T -> U) : Set(U) forall U to_set, zip(*others : Indexable | Iterable | Iterator, &)
zip(*others : Indexable | Iterable | Iterator) zip, zip?(*others : Indexable | Iterable | Iterator, &)
zip?(*others : Indexable | Iterable | Iterator) zip?

### Class methods inherited from module `Enumerable(T)`

element_type(x) element_type

### Instance methods inherited from module `Iterable(T)`

chunk(reuse = false, &block : T -> U) forall U chunk, chunk_while(reuse : Bool | Array(T) = false, &block : T, T -> B) forall B chunk_while, cycle(n)
cycle cycle, each each, each_cons(count : Int, reuse = false) each_cons, each_cons_pair each_cons_pair, each_slice(count : Int, reuse = false) each_slice, each_step(n : Int)
each_step(n : Int, *, offset : Int) each_step, each_with_index(offset = 0) each_with_index, each_with_object(obj) each_with_object, slice_after(reuse : Bool | Array(T) = false, &block : T -> B) forall B
slice_after(pattern, reuse : Bool | Array(T) = false) slice_after, slice_before(reuse : Bool | Array(T) = false, &block : T -> B) forall B
slice_before(pattern, reuse : Bool | Array(T) = false) slice_before, slice_when(reuse : Bool | Array(T) = false, &block : T, T -> B) forall B slice_when

### Instance methods inherited from class `Reference`

==(other : self)
==(other : JSON::Any)
==(other : YAML::Any)
==(other) ==, dup dup, hash(hasher) hash, initialize initialize, inspect(io : IO) : Nil inspect, object_id : UInt64 object_id, pretty_print(pp) : Nil pretty_print, same?(other : Reference) : Bool
same?(other : Nil) same?, to_s(io : IO) : Nil to_s

### Constructor methods inherited from class `Reference`

new new, unsafe_construct(address : Pointer, *args, **opts) : self unsafe_construct

### Class methods inherited from class `Reference`

pre_initialize(address : Pointer) pre_initialize

### Instance methods inherited from class `Object`

! : Bool !, !=(other) !=, !~(other) !~, ==(other) ==, ===(other : JSON::Any)
===(other : YAML::Any)
===(other) ===, =~(other) =~, as(type : Class) as, as?(type : Class) as?, class class, dup dup, hash(hasher)
hash hash, in?(collection : Object) : Bool
in?(*values : Object) : Bool in?, inspect(io : IO) : Nil
inspect : String inspect, is_a?(type : Class) : Bool is_a?, itself itself, nil? : Bool nil?, not_nil!(message)
not_nil! not_nil!, pretty_inspect(width = 79, newline = "\n", indent = 0) : String pretty_inspect, pretty_print(pp : PrettyPrint) : Nil pretty_print, responds_to?(name : Symbol) : Bool responds_to?, tap(&) tap, to_json(io : IO) : Nil
to_json : String to_json, to_pretty_json(indent : String = " ") : String
to_pretty_json(io : IO, indent : String = " ") : Nil to_pretty_json, to_s(io : IO) : Nil
to_s : String to_s, to_yaml(io : IO) : Nil
to_yaml : String to_yaml, try(&) try, unsafe_as(type : T.class) forall T unsafe_as

### Class methods inherited from class `Object`

from_json(string_or_io : String | IO, root : String)
from_json(string_or_io : String | IO) from_json, from_yaml(string_or_io : String | IO) from_yaml

### Macros inherited from class `Object`

class_getter(*names, &block) class_getter, class_getter!(*names) class_getter!, class_getter?(*names, &block) class_getter?, class_property(*names, &block) class_property, class_property!(*names) class_property!, class_property?(*names, &block) class_property?, class_setter(*names) class_setter, def_clone def_clone, def_equals(*fields) def_equals, def_equals_and_hash(*fields) def_equals_and_hash, def_hash(*fields) def_hash, delegate(*methods, to object) delegate, forward_missing_to(delegate) forward_missing_to, getter(*names, &block) getter, getter!(*names) getter!, getter?(*names, &block) getter?, property(*names, &block) property, property!(*names) property!, property?(*names, &block) property?, setter(*names) setter

##
Constructor Detail

def self.additive_identity : self #

Returns the additive identity of this type.

This is an empty array.

def self.build(capacity : Int, & : Pointer(T) -> ) : self #

Creates a new `Array`, allocating an internal buffer with the given capacity, and yielding that buffer. The given block must return the desired size of the array.

This method is unsafe, but is usually used to initialize the buffer by passing it to a C function.

    Array.build(3) do |buffer|
      LibSome.fill_buffer_and_return_number_of_elements_filled(buffer)
    end

def self.new(size : Int, value : T) #

Creates a new `Array` of the given size filled with the same value in each position.

    Array.new(3, 'a') # => ['a', 'a', 'a']

WARNING The initial value is filled into the array as-is. It gets neither duplicated nor cloned. For types with reference semantics this means every item will point to the same object.

    ary = Array.new(3, [1])
    ary # => [[1], [1], [1]]
    ary[0][0] = 2
    ary # => [[2], [2], [2]]

- `.new(Int, & : Int32 -> T)` is an alternative that allows using a different initial value for each position.

def self.new(ctx : YAML::ParseContext, node : YAML::Nodes::Node) #
def self.new(initial_capacity : Int) #

Creates a new empty `Array` backed by a buffer that is initially `initial_capacity` big.

The initial_capacity is useful to avoid unnecessary reallocations of the internal buffer in case of growth. If you have an estimate of the maximum number of elements an array will hold, the array should be initialized with that capacity for improved performance.

    ary = Array(Int32).new(5)
    ary.size # => 0

def self.new(pull : JSON::PullParser) #
def self.new #

Creates a new empty `Array`.

def self.new(ctx : YAML::ParseContext, node : YAML::Nodes::Node, &) #
def self.new(size : Int, & : Int32 -> T) #

Creates a new `Array` of the given size and invokes the given block once for each index of `self`, assigning the block's value in that index.

    Array.new(3) { |i| (i + 1) ** 2 } # => [1, 4, 9]

    ary = Array.new(3) { [1] }
    ary # => [[1], [1], [1]]
    ary[0][0] = 2
    ary # => [[2], [1], [1]]

def self.new(pull : JSON::PullParser, &) #

##
Class Method Detail

def self.each_product(arrays : Array(Array), reuse = false, &) #

Yields each ordered combination of the elements taken from each of the arrays as `Array`s. Traversal of elements starts from the last given array.

DEPRECATED Use `Indexable.each_cartesian(indexables : Indexable(Indexable), reuse = false, &block)` instead

def self.each_product(*arrays : Array, reuse = false, &) #

Yields each ordered combination of the elements taken from each of the arrays as `Array`s. Traversal of elements starts from the last given array.

DEPRECATED Use `Indexable.each_cartesian(indexables : Indexable(Indexable), reuse = false, &block)` instead

def self.from_json(string_or_io, &) : Nil #

Parses a `String` or `IO` denoting a JSON array, yielding each of its elements to the given block. This is useful for decoding an array and processing its elements without creating an Array in memory, which might be expensive.

    require "json"

    Array(Int32).from_json("[1, 2, 3]") do |element|
      puts element
    end

Output:

    1
    2
    3

To parse and get an `Array`, use the block-less overload.

def self.from_yaml(string_or_io : String | IO, &) #
def self.product(arrays : Array(Array)) #

Returns an `Array` of all ordered combinations of elements taken from each of the arrays as `Array`s. Traversal of elements starts from the last given array.

DEPRECATED Use `Indexable.cartesian_product(indexables : Indexable(Indexable))` instead

def self.product(*arrays : Array) #

Returns an `Array` of all ordered combinations of elements taken from each of the arrays as `Array`s. Traversal of elements starts from the last given array.

DEPRECATED Use `Indexable.cartesian_product(indexables : Indexable(Indexable))` instead

##
Instance Method Detail

def &(other : Array(U)) : Array(T) forall U #

Set intersection: returns a new `Array` containing elements common to `self` and other, excluding any duplicates. The order is preserved from `self`.

    [1, 1, 3, 5] & [1, 2, 3]               # => [ 1, 3 ]
    ['a', 'b', 'b', 'z'] & ['a', 'b', 'c'] # => [ 'a', 'b' ]

See also: `#uniq`.

def *(times : Int) : Array(T) #

Repetition: Returns a new `Array` built by concatenating times copies of `self`.

    ["a", "b", "c"] * 2 # => [ "a", "b", "c", "a", "b", "c" ]

def +(other : Array(U)) : Array(T | U) forall U #

Concatenation. Returns a new `Array` built by concatenating `self` and other. The type of the new array is the union of the types of both the original arrays.

    [1, 2] + ["a"]  # => [1,2,"a"] of (Int32 | String)
    [1, 2] + [2, 3] # => [1,2,2,3]

def -(other : Array(U)) : Array(T) forall U #

Difference. Returns a new `Array` that is a copy of `self`, removing any items that appear in other. The order of `self` is preserved.

    [1, 2, 3] - [2, 1] # => [3]

def <<(value : T) : self #

Append. Alias for `#push`.

    a = [1, 2]
    a << 3 # => [1,2,3]

def <=>(other : Array) #

Combined comparison operator.

Returns `-1`, `0` or `1` depending on whether `self` is less than other, equals other or is greater than other.

It compares the elements of both arrays in the same position using the `<=>` operator. As soon as one of such comparisons returns a non-zero value, that result is the return value of the comparison.

If all elements are equal, the comparison is based on the size of the arrays.

    [8] <=> [1, 2, 3] # => 1
    [2] <=> [4, 2, 3] # => -1
    [1, 2] <=> [1, 2] # => 0

def ==(other : Array) : Bool #

Equality. Returns `true` if each element in `self` is equal to each corresponding element in other.

    ary = [1, 2, 3]
    ary == [1, 2, 3] # => true
    ary == [2, 3]    # => false

def ==(other : JSON::Any) #
def ==(other : YAML::Any) #
def ==(other) : Bool #
Description copied from class Reference

Returns `false` (other can only be a `Value` here).

def [](start : Int, count : Int) : Array(T) #

Returns count or less (if there aren't enough) elements starting at the given start index.

Negative start is added to `self.size`, thus it's treated as index counting from the end of the array, `-1` designating the last element.

Raises `IndexError` if start index is out of bounds. Raises `ArgumentError` if count is negative.

    a = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
    a[-3, 3] # => ["c", "d", "e"]
    a[1, 2]  # => ["b", "c"]
    a[5, 1]  # => []
    a[6, 1]  # raises IndexError

def [](range : Range) : Array(T) #

Returns all elements that are within the given range.

The first element in the returned array is `self[range.begin]` followed by the next elements up to index `range.end` (or `self[range.end - 1]` if the range is exclusive). If there are fewer elements in `self`, the returned array is shorter than `range.size`.

    a = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
    a[1..3] # => ["b", "c", "d"]
    # range.end > array.size
    a[3..7] # => ["d", "e"]

Open ended ranges are clamped at the start and end of the array, respectively.

    # open ended ranges
    a[2..] # => ["c", "d", "e"]
    a[..2] # => ["a", "b", "c"]

Negative range values are added to `self.size`, thus they are treated as indices counting from the end of the array, `-1` designating the last element.

    # negative indices, both ranges are equivalent for `a`
    a[1..3]   # => ["b", "c", "d"]
    a[-4..-2] # => ["b", "c", "d"]
    # Mixing negative and positive indices, both ranges are equivalent for `a`
    a[1..-2] # => ["b", "c", "d"]
    a[-4..3] # => ["b", "c", "d"]

Raises `IndexError` if the start index is out of range (`range.begin > self.size || range.begin < -self.size`). If `range.begin == self.size` an empty array is returned. If `range.begin > range.end`, an empty array is returned.

    # range.begin > array.size
    a[6..10] # raise IndexError
    # range.begin == array.size
    a[5..10] # => []
    # range.begin > range.end
    a[3..1]   # => []
    a[-2..-4] # => []
    a[-2..1]  # => []
    a[3..-4]  # => []

def []=(start : Int, count : Int, values : Array(T)) #

Replaces a subrange with the elements of the given array.

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a[1, 3] = [6, 7, 8]
    a # => [1, 6, 7, 8, 5]

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a[1, 3] = [6, 7]
    a # => [1, 6, 7, 5]

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a[1, 3] = [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
    a # => [1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 5]

def []=(start : Int, count : Int, value : T) : T #

Replaces a subrange with a single value. All elements in the range `start...start+count` are removed and replaced by a single element value.

If count is zero, value is inserted at start.

Negative values of start count from the end of the array.

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a[1, 3] = 6
    a # => [1, 6, 5]

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a[1, 0] = 6
    a # => [1, 6, 2, 3, 4, 5]

def []=(range : Range, values : Array(T)) #

Replaces a subrange with the elements of the given array.

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a[1..3] = [6, 7, 8]
    a # => [1, 6, 7, 8, 5]

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a[1..3] = [6, 7]
    a # => [1, 6, 7, 5]

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a[1..3] = [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
    a # => [1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 5]

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a[2..] = [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
    a # => [1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

def []=(range : Range, value : T) #

Replaces a subrange with a single value.

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a[1..3] = 6
    a # => [1, 6, 5]

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a[1...1] = 6
    a # => [1, 6, 2, 3, 4, 5]

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a[2...] = 6
    a # => [1, 2, 6]

def []=(values : Array(T), *, index start : Int, count : Int) #

Replaces a subrange with the elements of the given array.

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a[1, 3] = [6, 7, 8]
    a # => [1, 6, 7, 8, 5]

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a[1, 3] = [6, 7]
    a # => [1, 6, 7, 5]

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a[1, 3] = [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
    a # => [1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 5]

DEPRECATED Use `#[]=(start, count, values)` instead

def []=(value : T, *, index start : Int, count : Int) #

Replaces a subrange with a single value. All elements in the range `start...start+count` are removed and replaced by a single element value.

If count is zero, value is inserted at start.

Negative values of start count from the end of the array.

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a[1, 3] = 6
    a # => [1, 6, 5]

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a[1, 0] = 6
    a # => [1, 6, 2, 3, 4, 5]

DEPRECATED Use `#[]=(start, count, value)` instead

def []?(start : Int, count : Int) : Array(T) | Nil #

Like `#[](Int, Int)` but returns `nil` if the start index is out of range.

def []?(range : Range) : Array(T) | Nil #

Like `#[](Range)`, but returns `nil` if `range.begin` is out of range.

    a = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
    a[6..10]? # => nil
    a[6..]?   # => nil

def |(other : Array(U)) : Array(T | U) forall U #

Set union: returns a new `Array` by joining `self` with other, excluding any duplicates, and preserving the order from `self`.

    ["a", "b", "c"] | ["c", "d", "a"] # => [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]

See also: `#uniq`.

def clear : self #

Removes all elements from `self`.

    a = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
    a.clear # => []

def clone : Array(T) #

Returns a new `Array` that has `self`'s elements cloned. That is, it returns a deep copy of `self`.

Use `#dup` if you want a shallow copy.

    ary = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
    ary2 = ary.clone
    ary[0][0] = 5
    ary  # => [[5, 2], [3, 4]]
    ary2 # => [[1, 2], [3, 4]]

    ary2 << [7, 8]
    ary  # => [[5, 2], [3, 4]]
    ary2 # => [[1, 2], [3, 4], [7, 8]]

def compact #

Returns a copy of `self` with all `nil` elements removed.

    ["a", nil, "b", nil, "c", nil].compact # => ["a", "b", "c"]

def compact! : self #

Removes all `nil` elements from `self` and returns `self`.

    ary = ["a", nil, "b", nil, "c"]
    ary.compact!
    ary # => ["a", "b", "c"]

def concat(other : Indexable) : self #

Appends the elements of other to `self`, and returns `self`.

    ary = ["a", "b"]
    ary.concat(["c", "d"])
    ary # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]

def concat(other : Enumerable) : self #

Appends the elements of other to `self`, and returns `self`.

    ary = ["a", "b"]
    ary.concat(["c", "d"])
    ary # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]

def delete(obj) : T | Nil #

Removes all items from `self` that are equal to obj.

Returns the last found element that was equal to obj, if any, or `nil` if not found.

    a = ["a", "b", "b", "b", "c"]
    a.delete("b") # => "b"
    a             # => ["a", "c"]

    a.delete("x") # => nil
    a             # => ["a", "c"]

def delete_at(start : Int, count : Int) : self #

Removes count elements from `self` starting at start. If the size of `self` is less than count, removes values to the end of the array without error. Returns an array of the removed elements with the original order of `self` preserved. Raises `IndexError` if start is out of range.

    a = ["ant", "bat", "cat", "dog"]
    a.delete_at(1, 2)  # => ["bat", "cat"]
    a                  # => ["ant", "dog"]
    a.delete_at(99, 1) # raises IndexError

def delete_at(index : Int) : T #

Removes the element at index, returning that element. Raises `IndexError` if index is out of range.

    a = ["ant", "bat", "cat", "dog"]
    a.delete_at(2)  # => "cat"
    a               # => ["ant", "bat", "dog"]
    a.delete_at(99) # raises IndexError

def delete_at(range : Range) : self #

Removes all elements within the given range. Returns an array of the removed elements with the original order of `self` preserved. Raises `IndexError` if the index is out of range.

    a = ["ant", "bat", "cat", "dog"]
    a.delete_at(1..2)    # => ["bat", "cat"]
    a                    # => ["ant", "dog"]
    a.delete_at(99..100) # raises IndexError

def delete_at(*, index start : Int, count : Int) : self #

Removes count elements from `self` starting at start. If the size of `self` is less than count, removes values to the end of the array without error. Returns an array of the removed elements with the original order of `self` preserved. Raises `IndexError` if start is out of range.

    a = ["ant", "bat", "cat", "dog"]
    a.delete_at(1, 2)  # => ["bat", "cat"]
    a                  # => ["ant", "dog"]
    a.delete_at(99, 1) # raises IndexError

DEPRECATED Use `#delete_at(start, count)` instead

def dup : Array(T) #

Returns a new `Array` that has exactly `self`'s elements. That is, it returns a shallow copy of `self`.

Use `#clone` if you want a deep copy.

    ary = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
    ary2 = ary.dup
    ary[0][0] = 5
    ary  # => [[5, 2], [3, 4]]
    ary2 # => [[5, 2], [3, 4]]

    ary2 << [7, 8]
    ary  # => [[5, 2], [3, 4]]
    ary2 # => [[5, 2], [3, 4], [7, 8]]

def each_repeated_permutation(size : Int = self.size, reuse = false, &) : Nil #
def fill(start : Int, & : Int32 -> T) : self #

Yields each index of `self`, starting at start, to the given block and then assigns the block's value in that position. Returns `self`.

Negative values of start count from the end of the array.

Raises `IndexError` if start is outside the array range.

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
    a.fill(2) { |i| i * i } # => [1, 2, 4, 9]

DEPRECATED Use `#fill(start.., &)` instead

def fill(*, from start : Int, & : Int32 -> T) : self #

Yields each index of `self`, starting at start, to the given block and then assigns the block's value in that position. Returns `self`.

Negative values of start count from the end of the array.

Raises `IndexError` if start is outside the array range.

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
    a.fill(2) { |i| i * i } # => [1, 2, 4, 9]

DEPRECATED Use `#fill(start.., &)` instead

def fill(*, from start : Int, count : Int, & : Int32 -> T) : self #

Yields each index of `self`, starting at start and just count times, to the given block and then assigns the block's value in that position. Returns `self`.

Negative values of start count from the end of the array.

Raises `IndexError` if start is outside the array range.

Has no effect if count is zero or negative.

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
    a.fill(2, 2) { |i| i * i } # => [1, 2, 4, 9, 5, 6]

DEPRECATED Use `Indexable::Mutable#fill(start, count, &)` instead

def fill(value : T, start : Int, count : Int) : self #

Replaces count or less (if there aren't enough) elements starting at the given start index with value. Returns `self`.

Negative values of start count from the end of the container.

Raises `IndexError` if the start index is out of range.

Raises `ArgumentError` if count is negative.

    array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    array.fill(9, 2, 2) # => [1, 2, 9, 9, 5]
    array               # => [1, 2, 9, 9, 5]

def fill(value : T, start : Int) : self #

Replaces every element in `self`, starting at start, with the given value. Returns `self`.

Negative values of start count from the end of the array.

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a.fill(9, 2) # => [1, 2, 9, 9, 9]

DEPRECATED Use `#fill(value, start..)` instead

def fill(value : T, range : Range) : self #

Replaces every element in range with value. Returns `self`.

Negative values of from count from the end of the array.

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a.fill(9, 2..3) # => [1, 2, 9, 9, 5]

def fill(value : T) : self #

Replaces every element in `self` with the given value. Returns `self`.

    array = [1, 2, 3, 4]
    array.fill(2) # => [2, 2, 2, 2]
    array         # => [2, 2, 2, 2]

def fill(value : T, *, from start : Int) : self #

Replaces every element in `self`, starting at start, with the given value. Returns `self`.

Negative values of start count from the end of the array.

    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    a.fill(9, 2) # => [1, 2, 9, 9, 9]

DEPRECATED Use `#fill(value, start..)` instead

def fill(value : T, *, from start : Int, count : Int) : self #

Replaces count or less (if there aren't enough) elements starting at the given start index with value. Returns `self`.

Negative values of start count from the end of the container.

Raises `IndexError` if the start index is out of range.

Raises `ArgumentError` if count is negative.

    array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    array.fill(9, 2, 2) # => [1, 2, 9, 9, 5]
    array               # => [1, 2, 9, 9, 5]

DEPRECATED Use `#fill(value, start, count)` instead

def first(n : Int) : Array(T) #

Returns the first n elements of the array.

    [1, 2, 3].first(2) # => [1, 2]
    [1, 2, 3].first(4) # => [1, 2, 3]

def flatten #

Returns a new `Array` that is a one-dimensional flattening of `self` (recursively).

That is, for every element that is an array or an iterator, extract its elements into the new array.

    s = [1, 2, 3]          # => [1, 2, 3]
    t = [4, 5, 6, [7, 8]]  # => [4, 5, 6, [7, 8]]
    u = [9, [10, 11].each] # => [9, #<Indexable::ItemIterator>]
    a = [s, t, u, 12, 13]  # => [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, [7, 8]], 9, #<Indexable::ItemIterator>, 12, 13]
    a.flatten              # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]

def index(object, offset : Int = 0) #
Description copied from module Indexable(T)

Returns the index of the first appearance of object in `self` starting from the given offset, or `nil` if object is not in `self`.

    [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3].index(2, offset: 2) # => 4

def insert(index : Int, object : T) : self #

Insert object before the element at index and shifting successive elements, if any. Returns `self`.

Negative values of index count from the end of the array.

    a = ["a", "b", "c"]
    a.insert(0, "x")  # => ["x", "a", "b", "c"]
    a.insert(2, "y")  # => ["x", "a", "y", "b", "c"]
    a.insert(-1, "z") # => ["x", "a", "y", "b", "c", "z"]

def insert_all(index : Int, other : Indexable) : self #

Inserts all of the elements from other before the element at index.

This method shifts the element currently at index (if any) and any subsequent elements to the right, increasing their indices. If the value of index is negative, counting starts from the end of the array. For example, `-1` indicates insertion after the last element, `-2` before the last element.

Raises `IndexError` if the index is out of bounds.

    fruits = ["Apple"]
    newFruits = ["Dragonfruit", "Elderberry"]

    fruits.insert_all(1, newFruits)             # => ["Apple", "Dragonfruit", "Elderberry"]
    fruits.insert_all(-3, ["Banana", "Cherry"]) # => ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry", "Dragonfruit", "Elderberry"]

    fruits.insert_all(6, ["invalid"])  # raises IndexError
    fruits.insert_all(-7, ["indices"]) # raises IndexError

def inspect(io : IO) : Nil #
Description copied from class Reference

Appends a String representation of this object which includes its class name, its object address and the values of all instance variables.

    class Person
      def initialize(@name : String, @age : Int32)
      end
    end

    Person.new("John", 32).inspect # => #<Person:0x10fd31f20 @name="John", @age=32>

def last(n : Int) : Array(T) #

Returns the last n elements of the array.

    [1, 2, 3].last(2) # => [2, 3]
    [1, 2, 3].last(4) # => [1, 2, 3]

def map(& : T -> U) : Array(U) forall U #

Optimized version of `Enumerable#map`.

def map_with_index(offset = 0, & : T, Int32 -> _) #

Optimized version of `Enumerable#map_with_index`.

Accepts an optional offset parameter, which tells it to start counting from there.

    gems = ["crystal", "pearl", "diamond"]
    results = gems.map_with_index { |gem, i| "#{i}: #{gem}" }
    results # => ["0: crystal", "1: pearl", "2: diamond"]

def pop(n : Int) : Array(T) #

Removes the last n values from `self`, at index size - 1. This method returns an array of the removed values, with the original order preserved.

If n is greater than the size of `self`, all values will be removed from `self` without raising an error.

    a = ["a", "b", "c"]
    a.pop(2) # => ["b", "c"]
    a        # => ["a"]

    a = ["a", "b", "c"]
    a.pop(4) # => ["a", "b", "c"]
    a        # => []

See also: `#truncate`.

def pop : T #

Removes the last value from `self`, at index size - 1. This method returns the removed value. Raises `IndexError` if array is of 0 size.

    a = ["a", "b", "c"]
    a.pop # => "c"
    a     # => ["a", "b"]

See also: `#truncate`.

def pop(&) #

Removes the last value from `self`. If the array is empty, the given block is called.

    a = [1]
    a.pop { "Testing" } # => 1
    a.pop { "Testing" } # => "Testing"

See also: `#truncate`.

def pop? : T | Nil #

Like `#pop`, but returns `nil` if `self` is empty.

See also: `#truncate`.

def pretty_print(pp) : Nil #
def product(ary : Array(U)) forall U #

Returns an `Array` of all ordered combinations of elements taken from each of `self` and ary as `Tuple`s. Traversal of elements starts from ary.

DEPRECATED Use `Indexable#cartesian_product(*others : Indexable)` instead

def product(enumerable : Enumerable, &) #

Yields each ordered combination of the elements taken from each of `self` and enumerable as a `Tuple`. Traversal of elements starts from enumerable.

DEPRECATED Use `Indexable#each_cartesian(*others : Indexable, &block)` instead

def push(value : T) : self #

Append. Pushes one value to the end of `self`, given that the type of the value is T (which might be a single type or a union of types). This method returns `self`, so several calls can be chained. See `#pop` for the opposite effect.

    a = ["a", "b"]
    a.push("c") # => ["a", "b", "c"]
    a.push(1)   # Errors, because the array only accepts String.

    a = ["a", "b"] of (Int32 | String)
    a.push("c") # => ["a", "b", "c"]
    a.push(1)   # => ["a", "b", "c", 1]

def push(*values : T) : self #

Append multiple values. The same as `#push`, but takes an arbitrary number of values to push into `self`. Returns `self`.

    a = ["a"]
    a.push("b", "c") # => ["a", "b", "c"]

def reject!(& : T -> ) : self #

Modifies `self`, deleting the elements in the collection for which the passed block is truthy. Returns `self`.

    ary = [1, 6, 2, 4, 8]
    ary.reject! { |x| x > 3 }
    ary # => [1, 2]

See also: `Array#reject`.

def reject!(pattern) : self #

Modifies `self`, deleting the elements in the collection for which `pattern === element`.

    ary = [1, 6, 2, 4, 8]
    ary.reject!(3..7)
    ary # => [1, 2, 8]

See also: `Array#select!`.

def remaining_capacity : Int32 #
def repeated_permutations(size : Int = self.size) : Array(Array(T)) #
def replace(other : Array) : self #

Replaces the contents of `self` with the contents of other. This resizes the Array to a greater capacity but does not free memory if the given array is smaller.

    a1 = [1, 2, 3]
    a1.replace([1])
    a1                    # => [1]
    a1.remaining_capacity # => 3
    a2 = [1]
    a2.replace([1, 2, 3])
    a2 # => [1, 2, 3]

def reverse : Array(T) #

Returns an array with all the elements in the collection reversed.

    a = [1, 2, 3]
    a.reverse # => [3, 2, 1]

def rotate(n = 1) : Array(T) #

Returns an array with all the elements shifted to the left `n` times.

    a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
    a.rotate    # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0]
    a.rotate(1) # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0]
    a.rotate(3) # => [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2]
    a           # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

def rotate!(n : Int = 1) : self #

Shifts all elements of `self` to the left n times. Returns `self`.

    a1 = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
    a2 = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
    a3 = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

    a1.rotate!
    a2.rotate!(1)
    a3.rotate!(3)

    a1 # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0]
    a2 # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0]
    a3 # => [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2]

def select!(& : T -> ) : self #

Modifies `self`, keeping only the elements in the collection for which the passed block is truthy. Returns `self`.

    ary = [1, 6, 2, 4, 8]
    ary.select! { |x| x > 3 }
    ary # => [6, 4, 8]

See also: `Array#select`.

def select!(pattern) : self #

Modifies `self`, keeping only the elements in the collection for which `pattern === element`.

    ary = [1, 6, 2, 4, 8]
    ary.select!(3..7)
    ary # => [6, 4]

See also: `Array#reject!`.

def shift(n : Int) : Array(T) #

Removes the first n values of `self`, starting at index 0. This method returns an array of the removed values.

If n is greater than the size of `self`, all values will be removed from `self` without raising an error.

    a = ["a", "b", "c"]
    a.shift # => "a"
    a       # => ["b", "c"]

    a = ["a", "b", "c"]
    a.shift(4) # => ["a", "b", "c"]
    a          # => []

See also: `#truncate`.

def shift : T #

Removes the first value of `self`, at index 0. This method returns the removed value. If the array is empty, it raises `IndexError`.

    a = ["a", "b", "c"]
    a.shift # => "a"
    a       # => ["b", "c"]

See also: `#truncate`.

def shift(&) #

Removes the first value of `self`, at index 0, or otherwise invokes the given block. This method returns the removed value. If the array is empty, it invokes the given block and returns its value.

    a = ["a"]
    a.shift { "empty!" } # => "a"
    a                    # => []
    a.shift { "empty!" } # => "empty!"
    a                    # => []

See also: `#truncate`.

def shift? : T | Nil #

Removes the first value of `self`, at index 0. This method returns the removed value. If the array is empty, it returns `nil` without raising any error.

    a = ["a", "b"]
    a.shift? # => "a"
    a        # => ["b"]
    a.shift? # => "b"
    a        # => []
    a.shift? # => nil
    a        # => []

See also: `#truncate`.

def shuffle(random : Random | Nil = nil) : Array(T) #

Returns a new instance with all elements in the collection randomized.

See `Indexable::Mutable#shuffle!` for details.

def size : Int32 #

Returns the number of elements in the array.

    [:foo, :bar].size # => 2

def skip(count : Int) : Array(T) #

Returns an `Array` with the first count elements removed from the original array.

If count is bigger than the number of elements in the array, returns an empty array.

    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].skip(3) # => [4, 5, 6]

def sort : Array(T) #

Returns a new instance with all elements sorted based on the return value of their comparison method `T#<=>` (see `Comparable#<=>`), using a stable sort algorithm.

    a = [3, 1, 2]
    a.sort # => [1, 2, 3]
    a      # => [3, 1, 2]

See `Indexable::Mutable#sort!` for details on the sorting mechanism.

Raises `ArgumentError` if the comparison between any two elements returns `nil`.

def sort(&block : T, T -> U) : Array(T) forall U #

Returns a new instance with all elements sorted based on the comparator in the given block, using a stable sort algorithm.

    a = [3, 1, 2]
    b = a.sort { |a, b| b <=> a }

    b # => [3, 2, 1]
    a # => [3, 1, 2]

See `Indexable::Mutable#sort!(&block : T, T -> U)` for details on the sorting mechanism.

Raises `ArgumentError` if for any two elements the block returns `nil`.

def sort! : Array(T) #

Sorts all elements in `self` based on the return value of the comparison method `T#<=>` (see `Comparable#<=>`), using a stable sort algorithm.

    a = [3, 1, 2]
    a.sort!
    a # => [1, 2, 3]

This sort operation modifies `self`. See `#sort` for a non-modifying option that allocates a new instance.

See `Slice#sort!` for details on the implementation.

Raises `ArgumentError` if the comparison between any two elements returns `nil`.

def sort!(&block : T, T -> U) : self forall U #

Sorts all elements in `self` based on the comparator in the given block, using a stable sort algorithm.

The block must implement a comparison between two elements a and b, where `a < b` returns `-1`, `a == b` returns `0`, and `a > b` returns `1`. The comparison operator `<=>` can be used for this.

    a = [3, 1, 2]
    # This is a reverse sort (forward sort would be `a <=> b`)
    a.sort! { |a, b| b <=> a }
    a # => [3, 2, 1]

This sort operation modifies `self`. See `#sort(&block : T, T -> U)` for a non-modifying option that allocates a new instance.

See `Slice#sort!(&block : T, T -> U)` for details on the implementation.

Raises `ArgumentError` if for any two elements the block returns `nil`.

def sort_by(&block : T -> _) : Array(T) #

Returns a new instance with all elements sorted by the output value of the block. The output values are compared via the comparison method `T#<=>` (see `Comparable#<=>`), using a stable sort algorithm.

    a = %w(apple pear fig)
    b = a.sort_by { |word| word.size }
    b # => ["fig", "pear", "apple"]
    a # => ["apple", "pear", "fig"]

If stability is expendable, `#unstable_sort_by(&block : T -> _)` provides a performance advantage over stable sort.

See `Indexable::Mutable#sort_by!(&block : T -> _)` for details on the sorting mechanism.

Raises `ArgumentError` if the comparison between any two comparison values returns `nil`.

def sort_by!(&block : T -> _) : Array(T) #

Sorts all elements in `self` by the output value of the block. The output values are compared via the comparison method `#<=>` (see `Comparable#<=>`), using a stable sort algorithm.

    a = %w(apple pear fig)
    a.sort_by! { |word| word.size }
    a # => ["fig", "pear", "apple"]

This sort operation modifies `self`. See `#sort_by(&block : T -> _)` for a non-modifying option that allocates a new instance.

If stability is expendable, `#unstable_sort_by!(&block : T -> _)` provides a performance advantage over stable sort.

See `#sort!(&block : T -> _)` for details on the sorting mechanism.

Raises `ArgumentError` if the comparison between any two comparison values returns `nil`.

def to_a : self #
Description copied from module Enumerable(T)

Returns an `Array` with all the elements in the collection.

    (1..5).to_a # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

def to_json(json : JSON::Builder) : Nil #
def to_s(io : IO) : Nil #

Prints a nicely readable and concise string representation of this array to io.

The result resembles an array literal but it does not necessarily compile.

Each element is presented using its `#inspect(io)` result to avoid ambiguity.

def to_unsafe : Pointer(T) #

Returns a pointer to the internal buffer where `self`'s elements are stored.

This method is unsafe because it returns a pointer, and the pointed might eventually not be that of `self` if the array grows and its internal buffer is reallocated.

    ary = [1, 2, 3]
    ary.to_unsafe[0] # => 1

def to_yaml(yaml : YAML::Nodes::Builder) : Nil #
def transpose #

Assumes that `self` is an array of arrays and transposes the rows and columns.

    a = [[:a, :b], [:c, :d], [:e, :f]]
    a.transpose # => [[:a, :c, :e], [:b, :d, :f]]
    a           # => [[:a, :b], [:c, :d], [:e, :f]]

def truncate(start : Int, count : Int) : self #

Removes all elements except the count or less (if there aren't enough) elements starting at the given start index. Returns `self`.

Negative values of start count from the end of the array.

Raises `IndexError` if the start index is out of range.

Raises `ArgumentError` if count is negative.

    a = [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
    a.truncate(2, 3) # => [4, 9, 16]
    a                # => [4, 9, 16]

See also: `#pop`, `#shift`.

def truncate(range : Range) : self #

Removes all elements except those within the given range. Returns `self`.

    a = [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
    a.truncate(1..-3) # => [1, 4, 9]
    a                 # => [1, 4, 9]

def uniq : Array(T) #

Returns a new `Array` by removing duplicate values in `self`.

    a = ["a", "a", "b", "b", "c"]
    a.uniq # => ["a", "b", "c"]
    a      # => [ "a", "a", "b", "b", "c" ]

def uniq(& : T -> ) : Array(T) #

Returns a new `Array` by removing duplicate values in `self`, using the block's value for comparison.

    a = [{"student", "sam"}, {"student", "george"}, {"teacher", "matz"}]
    a.uniq { |s| s[0] } # => [{"student", "sam"}, {"teacher", "matz"}]
    a                   # => [{"student", "sam"}, {"student", "george"}, {"teacher", "matz"}]

def uniq! : self #

Removes duplicate elements from `self`. Returns `self`.

    a = ["a", "a", "b", "b", "c"]
    a.uniq! # => ["a", "b", "c"]
    a       # => ["a", "b", "c"]

def uniq!(& : T -> ) : self #

Removes duplicate elements from `self`, using the block's value for comparison. Returns `self`.

    a = [{"student", "sam"}, {"student", "george"}, {"teacher", "matz"}]
    a.uniq! { |s| s[0] } # => [{"student", "sam"}, {"teacher", "matz"}]
    a                    # => [{"student", "sam"}, {"teacher", "matz"}]

def unsafe_fetch(index : Int) : T #
Description copied from module Indexable(T)

Returns the element at the given index, without doing any bounds check.

`Indexable` makes sure to invoke this method with index in `0...size`, so converting negative indices to positive ones is not needed here.

Clients never invoke this method directly. Instead, they access elements with `#[](index)` and `#[]?(index)`.

This method should only be directly invoked if you are absolutely sure the index is in bounds, to avoid a bounds check for a small boost of performance.

def unsafe_put(index : Int, value : T) #
Description copied from module Indexable::Mutable(T)

Sets the element at the given index to value, without doing any bounds check.

`Indexable::Mutable` makes sure to invoke this method with index in `0...size`, so converting negative indices to positive ones is not needed here.

Clients never invoke this method directly. Instead, they modify elements with `#[]=(index, value)`.

This method should only be directly invoked if you are absolutely sure the index is in bounds, to avoid a bounds check for a small boost of performance.

def unshift(object : T) : self #

Prepend. Adds object to the beginning of `self`, given that the type of the value is T (which might be a single type or a union of types). This method returns `self`, so several calls can be chained. See `#shift` for the opposite effect.

    a = ["a", "b"]
    a.unshift("c") # => ["c", "a", "b"]
    a.unshift(1)   # Errors, because the array only accepts String.

    a = ["a", "b"] of (Int32 | String)
    a.unshift("c") # => ["c", "a", "b"]
    a.unshift(1)   # => [1, "c", "a", "b"]

def unshift(*values : T) : self #

Prepend multiple values. The same as `#unshift`, but takes an arbitrary number of values to add to the array. Returns `self`.

def unstable_sort : Array(T) #

Returns a new instance with all elements sorted based on the return value of their comparison method `T#<=>` (see `Comparable#<=>`), using an unstable sort algorithm.

    a = [3, 1, 2]
    a.unstable_sort # => [1, 2, 3]
    a               # => [3, 1, 2]

See `Indexable::Mutable#unstable_sort!` for details on the sorting mechanism.

Raises `ArgumentError` if the comparison between any two elements returns `nil`.

def unstable_sort(&block : T, T -> U) : Array(T) forall U #

Returns a new instance with all elements sorted based on the comparator in the given block, using an unstable sort algorithm.

    a = [3, 1, 2]
    b = a.unstable_sort { |a, b| b <=> a }

    b # => [3, 2, 1]
    a # => [3, 1, 2]

See `Indexable::Mutable#unstable_sort!(&block : T, T -> U)` for details on the sorting mechanism.

Raises `ArgumentError` if for any two elements the block returns `nil`.

def unstable_sort! : self #

Sorts all elements in `self` based on the return value of the comparison method `T#<=>` (see `Comparable#<=>`), using an unstable sort algorithm.

    a = [3, 1, 2]
    a.unstable_sort!
    a # => [1, 2, 3]

This sort operation modifies `self`. See `#unstable_sort` for a non-modifying option that allocates a new instance.

See `Slice#unstable_sort!` for details on the implementation.

Raises `ArgumentError` if the comparison between any two elements returns `nil`.

def unstable_sort!(&block : T, T -> U) : self forall U #

Sorts all elements in `self` based on the comparator in the given block, using an unstable sort algorithm.

The block must implement a comparison between two elements a and b, where `a < b` returns `-1`, `a == b` returns `0`, and `a > b` returns `1`. The comparison operator `<=>` can be used for this.

    a = [3, 1, 2]
    # This is a reverse sort (forward sort would be `a <=> b`)
    a.unstable_sort! { |a, b| b <=> a }
    a # => [3, 2, 1]

This sort operation modifies `self`. See `#unstable_sort(&block : T, T -> U)` for a non-modifying option that allocates a new instance.

See `Slice#unstable_sort!(&block : T, T -> U)` for details on the implementation.

Raises `ArgumentError` if for any two elements the block returns `nil`.

def unstable_sort_by(&block : T -> _) : Array(T) #

Returns a new instance with all elements sorted by the output value of the block. The output values are compared via the comparison method `#<=>` (see `Comparable#<=>`), using an unstable sort algorithm.

    a = %w(apple pear fig)
    b = a.unstable_sort_by { |word| word.size }
    b # => ["fig", "pear", "apple"]
    a # => ["apple", "pear", "fig"]

If stability is necessary, use `#sort_by(&block : T -> _)` instead.

See `Indexable::Mutable#unstable_sort!(&block : T -> _)` for details on the sorting mechanism.

Raises `ArgumentError` if the comparison between any two comparison values returns `nil`.

def unstable_sort_by!(&block : T -> _) : Array(T) #

Sorts all elements in `self` by the output value of the block. The output values are compared via the comparison method `#<=>` (see `Comparable#<=>`), using an unstable sort algorithm.

    a = %w(apple pear fig)
    a.unstable_sort_by! { |word| word.size }
    a # => ["fig", "pear", "apple"]

This sort operation modifies `self`. See `#unstable_sort_by(&block : T -> _)` for a non-modifying option that allocates a new instance.

If stability is necessary, use `#sort_by!(&block : T -> _)` instead.

See `#unstable_sort!(&block : T -> _)` for details on the sorting mechanism.

Raises `ArgumentError` if the comparison between any two comparison values returns `nil`.